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Clinicopathological Investigation of Foot and Mouth Disease and Serotype Identification of the Viruses in Cattle of Bangladesh

Mohammad Shahidul Islam
Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Mohammed Ahasan Habib
Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Mohammad Showkat Mahmud
Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh

Provat Chandra Saha
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Tahmina Ruba
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Priya Mohan Das
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Mohammad Abu Hadi Khan*
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of farm animals. This study was aimed to identify symptoms, characteristics pathology and viral serotypes involved in infected cattle of Bangladesh. Dominant signs observed were salivation, vesicular eruption, lameness and maggot infestations in 66%, 80%, 36% and 14% cattle respectively. Out of 202 infected cattle investigated, 35 were below six months of age. A total of 18 young calves and 8 adult cattle were died due to FMD. Seven young calves and two adult cattle were examined at necropsy, ‘Tiger heart disease’ was commonly seen both in the young and adult cattle. The ‘currant jelly clot’ was common in the atrium, ventricles, aorta and veins of the heart of adult cattle. Congested and consolidated lungs, atrophied spleen, and fibrosed udder were grossly seen in the infected and dead cattle. Microscopically, hyalinization of cardiac muscle in young calf and degeneration, necrosis and multifocal lymphocytic infiltration in heart muscle were suggestive for infectivity due to FMD viruses. There were bronchiolitis, pulmonary emphysema, interstitial pneumonia and thickening of interlobular septa of lungs. Cattle that survived from acute infection developed respiratory distress in 15% cattle. Out of 202 samples tested in reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 187 samples found to generate positive amplicons. Single infectivity due to FMD viral Serotypes O, A and Asia 1 were seen in 115 (62%), 26 (14%) and 34 (18%) cases, respectively. Seven cattle were co-infected with FMD viral Serotypes O and Asia 1 and four with FMD viral Serotypes O and A. FMD viral serotype O was dominating in cattle all over the country and was related to death of infected young and adult cattle. Cardiac myonecrosis and respiratory failure were the dominant lesions may be related to death of infected animals.

Keywords: FMD, Vesicles, Cardiac myonecrosis, Currant Jelly Clot, Heart Failure, Viral Serotypes

Location: Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-00-2013

End Date: 00-00-2014

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Virus, Cattle

Objectives:

Therefore, it is essential to monitor the viral serotypes involved in the disease process on a regular basis. This study was, therefore, aimed to study the lethal pathology of FMD and identify the serotypes prevailing in Bangladesh.

Methodology:

2.1. Investigation of Natural Outbreaks of FMD Natural outbreaks of FMD in seven divisions of Bangladesh were investigated after intimating from the Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Bangladesh during the period 2013-2014. A total of 202 infected cattle were investigated. The characteristic clinical signs were recorded. The cardiac and respiratory activities were observed by using a stethoscope. The rectal temperature of infected cattle was determined using a thermometer (Fahrenheit).

2.2. Necropsy of Dead Animals and Sample Collection Calves (n=7) and adult (n=2) cattle died due to FMD were investigated at necropsy. The animals infected and died were collected from the natural outbreaks areas of Tangail, Pabna, Moulvi Bazaar, Mymensingh and Dinajpur district, Bangladesh. The animals were necropsied by using standard protocol. Lesions in the oral cavity, hooves, hearts, udder, lungs and other internal organs were observed carefully, documented by capturing images and representative tissue samples were collected in 10 percent neutral buffered formalin for histopathological investigation.

2.3. Histopathological investigation Formalin fixed tissues from the oral and pedal tissues, lungs, liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, and heart were processed. The tissue sections were cut into 4 to 6µ thickness and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Goldner’s trichrome staining. The slides were mounted using DPX, air dried and examined under a microscope at low (10X) and high power (40X) microscopic field. The images of lesions were captured using automated computer (Microimaging, Carl Zeiss, GmbH, Germany) connected with the microscope and ZEN lite 2012 software.

2.4. Identification of FMD viral serotypes Multiplex RT-PCR was adapted to detect serotype specific amplicons. Tissue samples were collected from the oral/pedal lesions of infected cattle, extracted viral RNA using RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen #74106). A total of 40 cycles of amplification reaction was carried out by using each sample. The RT-PCR amplicons were electrophoresed in agarose gel to visualize the fragment of genes and to identify the viral serotype involved.

Source of Information: Immunology and Infectious Diseases 5(2): 16-23, 2017

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: 10.13189/iid.2017.050202

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

FMD is clinically characterized by salivation, vesicular lesion, lameness and maggot infestation smacking of the lips, grinding of the teeth, nasal discharge, shaking/kicking of the feet, mastitis etc. Characteristics myocardial lesion is popularly known as ‘tiger heart disease’ was common in cattle died due to FMD. The ‘currant jelly clot’ was found in heart of adult cattle and was due to chronic heart failure. Pathologically the disease is characterized by necrotic changes in heart muscles, vesicular lesions in foot and mouth, interstitial pneumonia and hemorrhagic enteritis. Fibrotic mastitis, atrophy of spleen, pancreatitis and glossitis was also evident. The respiratory distress as seen in infected and recovered animals may be due to interstitial pneumonia and fibrinous inflammation in the interlobular septa of lungs. Cardiac myonecrosis and respiratory failure alone or in combination may contribute death of infected cattle. The multiplex RT-PCR protocol adapted is highly (93%) sensitive to detect FMD viral serotypes in cattle. Cattle in investigating areas were infected predominantly with FMD viral serotype O followed by serotype Asia 1 and A. The findings of this study may be of value to design future management, diagnostic and preventive strategies of FMD in livestock.

Knowledge Management: Journal