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Antibiotic Usage Patterns in Selected Broiler Farms of Bangladesh and Their Public Health Implications

K. B. M. Saiful Islam
Department of Medicine and Public Health, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh

Syeeda Shiraj-Um-Mahmuda
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Science, Daffodil International University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh

Md. Hazzaz-Bin-Kabir
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Background: Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic organisms has been recognized as a serious public health hazard worldwide. The major antibiotics used for humans are usually the same as those used in veterinary medicine. Therefore, usage patterns of veterinary drugs have a significant impact on public health. No comprehensive work has been documented till date on the usage patterns of veterinary antibiotics in Bangladesh and their residual level. Therefore, the study was conducted to assess the antibiotic usage patterns in the broiler industry in the country and the level of antibiotic residues in broiler meat. Methods: A total of 73 poultry farms were randomly surveyed from different regions of Bangladesh to explore the pattern of antibiotic usage. The individual live bird was collected from each study farm to investigate the existence of residual antibiotics. A total of 219 samples from the breast, thigh and liver were analyzed for the presence of antibiotic residues following the microbiological method of four plates. Results: All the 73 poultry farms used at least one antibiotic. Common usage of antibiotics was for therapy (43.8%), prophylaxis (31.5%), or both (47.9%), and to a lesser extent for growth promotion (8.2%). Twenty-eight different patterns of antibiotic usage were observed of which approximately 70% followed multi-drugs practice. Most of the farmers (>60%) used antibiotics without any prescription. Laboratory analyses revealed the existence of residual antibiotics in 26% of samples. Fluoroquinolones (68.4%) were the most commonly detected antibiotics. Conclusions: The presence of antibiotic residues in chicken carcasses poses a significant health risk to consumers. The study has provided information on commonly used antibiotics and the reasons for their use in Bangladesh for the first time. The findings will contribute to the development of strategies for prudent use of antibiotics in the veterinary industry and will help in securing public health.

Keywords: Antibiotics, Antibiotic usage pattern, Poultry farms, Residual antibiotics, Bangladesh

Location: In Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-02-2015

End Date: 00-06-2015

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Broiler, Antibiotic

Objectives:

To identify the different veterinary antibiotics used in commercial broiler farming and measure the amount of residues present in poultry meats to ascertain their public health implications.

Methodology:

Study Design and Setting This cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June 2015 in different parts of Bangladesh and included areas well known for commercial poultry production. A total of 73 poultry farms were randomly surveyed to achieve the most reliable and comprehensive scenario of antibiotic use in commercial broiler production in the country. Data Collection A standard questionnaire was developed for the baseline survey. The questionnaire was pretested before introducing in the field. Data were collected from the farms on the questionnaire as well as by interviewing the farmers in person. In addition, a physical inspection on the use of antibiotics in farms was also conducted. Collection and Preservation of Samples Individual live birds that were ready to be sold in the market were collected from the different farms in the study areas. They were sacrificed by the standard slaughtering process. A total of 219 samples from breast, thigh and liver (73 each) were collected from the birds. Collected samples were preserved at -20?C for future use. Samples collected from remote areas were carried to the Department of Medicine and Public Health maintaining standard procedure. Preparation of Bacterial Standards Pure cultures of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated and identified using standard protocol. Their antibiotic sensitivity against commonly used antibiotics in the broiler production was checked using antibiotic sensitivity test. A standard antibiotic sensitivity pattern for those bacteria was established for referral use. Preparation of Inoculums and Media Primary cultures were sub-cultured into nutrient broth for about 8 to 12 hours before inoculating into nutrient agar under aseptic conditions. Nutrient agar was prepared according to producers’ guidelines. The pH was adjusted using a pH meter by adding drops of NaOH or HCl solutions. An aliquot of 6mls of the adjusted media was then introduced into a universal bottle and sterilized using an autoclave at 121?C for 15 minutes. The sterilized media was poured onto a petri-dish and allowed to solidify. It was then incubated for 18-24 hours at 37?C before inoculating the test bacteria. Screening of Antibiotic Residues in the Samples The European Four Plate Test as described by Oboegbulem and Fedelis was employed to determine the level of residues in poultry meat and by-products. Briefly, samples were cut into 1x2.5mm size. A piece of the sample was placed on to four plates of agar media, three of which were pre-inoculated with Bacillus subtilis at pH6, pH7 (Plate 2), pH8 (Plate 3) and the fourth plate (Plate 4) at pH8 with Staphylococcus aureus using sterile swabs. The plates were incubated at optimal temperature for growth of the test bacteria. Ethical Considerations The study was approved by the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Research System (SAURES), Dhaka, Bangladesh. No human or animal right was compromised during the study. Statistical Analyses Data collation and management were done on Microsoft Excel. Descriptive statistics are used to present questionnaire responses and the existence of drug residues in samples.

Source of Information: Journal of Public Health in Developing Countries, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 276-284; ISSN 2059-5409

Article Link (Online Journal): http://www.jphdc.org/

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The widespread and indiscriminate use of antibiotics by the poultry farmers in the study area is a public health risk. The use of antibiotics by unqualified farmers was due to the ineffective implementation of veterinary laws that regulate its use in poultry productions. This study has provided information on commonly used antibiotics and the reasons for their use. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will contribute to the development of strategies for prudent use of antibiotics in the poultry farms of Bangladesh and ultimately in promoting public health.

Knowledge Management: Journal