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Repellent and Oviposition Deterrent Activity of Leaf Extracts of Azadirachta Indica A. Juss., Persicaria Hydropiper (l.) Spach. and Vitex Negundo Linn. Against the Melon Fruit Fly, Bactrocera Cucurbitae (coquillett) (diptera: Tephritidae)

Sahadat Hossain
Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh

M Khalequzzaman
Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The present study was carried out to investigate the repellent activity and ovicidal deterrence effect of methanolic (CH₃OH) extracts of leaves of Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Persicaria hydropiper (Linn.) Spach and Vitex negundo Linn. against the melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) in the Crop Protection and Toxicology Laboratory, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh, during November 2016 to October 2017. In repellent activity test, only the leaf extract of A. indica offered significant repellency at 5% level of significance (P<0.05); however, the extracts of P. hydropiper and V. negundo did not show any significant repellency. In case of oviposition deterrent activity test, the highest oviposition deterrence of 61.15% was observed in treated sweet guard with the extract of P. hydropiper while the lowest oviposition deterrence of 22.28% was found in treated sweet guard with the extract of A. indica.

Keywords: Repellency, Oviposition deterrence, Azadirachta, Persicaria, Vitx, Bactrocera

Location: University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-11-2016

End Date: 00-10-2017

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Extract (plant, seed)

Objectives:

In this study, three plants Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Persicaria hydropiper (Linn.) Spach and Vitex negundo Linn. have been selected to investigate their comparative bioactive properties for possible use to control the destructive pest, B. cucurbitae.

Methodology:

Collection and preparation of test materials The fresh and green leaves of the tested plants were collected from different places of Rajshahi, Bangladesh in the month of November, 2016. Before extraction the identification of the plants was confirmed from the experts on plant taxonomy in the Department of Botany, University of Rajshahi. Collected leaves were chopped into small pieces and were spread out on wooden-tray (45×30 cm) to dry without accumulating the materials together. It was done under the shade avoiding direct sunshine in well-ventilated room. After that the leaves were kept in an incubator in stainless tray for 24 hours in a control temperature of <40°C for making them ready to grind. Then the leaves were powdered in a grinder machine avoiding additional heat during grinding. The grinded dried leaves were soaked with sufficient amount of methanol (CH₃OH) in proportion of 10:1 as solvents and plant dust materials and sealed in conical flask (250 ml) to keep on a shaker for 48 h. Extracts, thus obtained were filtered one after another into a conical flask with a funnel setting in stand and kept for evaporation. The same process was repeated thrice for each of the leave samples. The output extracts were removed to glass vials and well-kept with proper labeling. Lastly, the amount of extracts was recorded for each of the samples. 2.2 Collection and culture of test insect The pupae of the test species were collected from the Insect Biotechnology Laboratory of the Institute of Food and Radiation Biology (IFRB), Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE), Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh and reared as subcultures in the Crop Protection and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Rajshahi University. About 2000 adult flies were maintained in wooden framed cages (40×30×30 cm) covered with wired net. The front side of the cage has one hole covered with nylon mesh net to insert food, water and egging receptacles. The flies were supplied with protein based artificial diets viz., (i) baking yeast: sugar: water at 1: 3: 4 ratio, and (ii) casein: yeast extract: sugar at 1:1:2 ratio. Foods were replaced at few days interval to provide the fresh food to the flies. Water was supplied in a petridish socked with cotton ball. The temperature and the relative humidity of the rearing room maintained at 28 ºC±5 ºC and 75%±5%, and a photoperiod of L14-D10, with photo phase starting at 0600h. Light was provided by daylight fluorescent tubes and by natural light from two big windows. The intensity of light in the experimental room was 1000- 1500 Lux. 2.3 Repellent activity and ovicidal deterrence effect tests against adult flies The concentrations used to test the repellency and oviposition deterrent for these three plant leaves extracts were different from each other. A. indica doses were 0.1729, 0.0865, 0.0432, 0.0216 and 0.0108 mg/cm² ; it was 0.0786, 0.0393, 0.0197, 0.0098 and 0.0049 mg/cm² for P. hydropiper; and 0.2358, 0.1179, 0.0590, 0.0295, 0.0147 mg/cm² for V. negundo. For the preparation of certain targeted dose, each extract was weighed separately in a glass vial to which 10 ml of distilled water was added, and stirred constantly for 5 minutes with a glass rod to make identical thick paste. Following that, 1 ml solution of 5 different concentration made by serial dilution were poured into 5 Petridis with a radius of 4.5 cm. Then the cutting pieces of fresh sweet guard were dipping into the treated petridish and dried at room temperature for two hours. Same quantity of fresh sweet guard also kept in untreated petridish. Treated and untreated sweet guard were offered to 10 pairs of 15-16 days old gravid flies in wooden cages for 48 h in a free choice bioassay for settling and oviposition response. A test cage (12 × 12 × 15 inch) was constructed with a wooden frame to make sanitization easier. All sides were covered with an observable white net to allow viewing. A netting cloth was added to the front side of the test cage to allow access by a human forearm. Then the box was divided into two equal halves. The dishes with treated and non-treated were kept into the two halves. The settled flies on each of treated and untreated area were counted after every 1 h interval for 10 hours (5 hours from 11:00 am to 4.00 pm in each of two days). After observing their repellence effect for 10 hours in two days the dishes were then removed from the cages and number of eggs lay in both treated and untreated dish were counted. In fact, it is not so easy to count the eggs in naked eyes, so the magnifying glasses helped lot at the time of counting eggs. The skin of the fruit was peeled off carefully for egg counting.

Source of Information: Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2018; 6(2): 2291-2295 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800

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Achievement/Findings:

From the present findings we conclude that the extracts from the plant species namely Azadirachta indica, Persicaria hydropiper and Vitex negundo can prove effective alternative in managing fruit flies if applied well in time. Timely sprays of plant extracts will not only avoid egg laying by the fruit flies but will also lead to reduction in insecticidal sprays, thereby minimizing the environmental and other health hazards. Further studies need to be carried out in context with the shelf-life and duration of effectivity of the plant extracts in field conditions so as to fit the management practices in suitable IPM against fruit flies.

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