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Study of Asexual Propagation of Moringa (moringa Oleifera) on Biomass Yield, Nutritional Composition and In-sacco Dm Degradability

Khan Shahidul Huque
Animal Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh.

Muhammad Khairul Bashar
Animal Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh.

Nathu Ram Sarker
Animal Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh.

Biplob Kumer Roy
Animal Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh.

Nazmul Huda
Animal Production Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh.

Harinder P. S. Makkar
Livestock Production Systems Branch, Animal Production and Health Division, FAO, Rome, Italy.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The aims of this study were undertaken with the objectives to determine asexual propagation of moringa plant using branch cuttings of different maturities indicated by the cutting diameter of A) 3-5 cm, B) 6-8 cm or C) 10-12 cm on biomass yield, nutritional composition and In-sacco DM degradability. The design of the study is completely randomized design (CRD). The agronomical trial was conducted at Pachutia fodder plot of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) from June, 2014 to May, 2015. Twelve (12) plots each area with 800 x100 cm² were prepared with basal dose of fertilizer (kg) of cow dung, urea, Tipple Super Phosphate(TSP) and Murat of Potash(MP) (27000:90:30:15), and branch cuts were planted at a space of 30x30 cm randomly replicating each type of cut into four (4) different plots. The experimental data on survivability (%), no. of prunes per cut, yield of different botanical fractions of moringa foliage, chemical composition and In-sacco DM degradability were recorded. The survivability (72.4%) or the number of prunes/cut (4.55) of 10-12 cm branch cut were significantly (P = .001) higher than that of the branch cuts with 3-5 cm (5.62% & 1.92, respectively) or 6-8 cm diameter (8.41% & 2.70, respectively). The fresh and dry matter yield (ton ha^-1 yr^-1) of total foliage, stem and leaf were significantly (P=0.001) higher at 10-12 cm branch diameter followed by 6-8 cm and 3-5 cm branch diameters, respectively. Effect of leaf to stem ratio was not significant among the treatments. Crude Protein (CP) content of all fraction of different cuts did not vary (P=0.193) significantly. The acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) of total foliage was lower in 10-12 cm branch diameter compared to other diameters. It was observed that, the ADF: CP ratio (2.0 to 2.5) was appropriate for effective DM degradability (%) which was 53.0-54.0%. Both yields and chemical composition of moringa foliage suggested that 10-12 cm branch diameter used for asexual propagation and could be a potential protein source for ruminants livestock.

Keywords: Branch diameter, Propagation, Heat index temperature, Biomass and nutritional evaluation, Fodder production.

Location: Pachutia fodder plot of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute

Start Date: 00-06-2014

End Date: 00-05-2015

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Fodder

Objectives:

To determine the optimum maturity of aerial vegetative parts of moringa plant on plant fodder production and their quality.

Methodology:

The agronomical trial was conducted at Pachutia fodder plot of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute from June, 2014 to May, 2015. The station was located at 23°42'0'' N, 90°22'30'' E at the altitude of 4 m above the sea level. The soil classification belongs to the Madhupur Tract (Agro-Ecological Zone 28) of Bangladesh; Red- Brown Terrace strong acidic (pH 4.5-5.7) soil with very little (<1.5%) organic matter. The land area was composed of alluvium soil of the Pleistocene period. The soils of this tract had clayey texture The different maturities of moringa branch were collected from different place of research center of BLRI and planted by the different branch diameter of A) 3-5 cm, B) 6-8 cm or C) 10-12 cm in the month of March with a temperature ranges of 29 - 40ºC and humidity ranges of 41 to 50%. A basal dose of fertilizer like cow dung, urea, Tipple Super Phosphate (TSP) and Murat of Potash (MP) was applied at the ratio of 2700:90:30:15 kg per hector. Irrigation; weeding and other agronomical practices were common. The total area of experimental plot was 1270000 cm² and planted with 720 plants. Twelve (12) plots with 800 x100 cm² were prepared with a total of 60 plants per plot. The entire sapling of branch cutting were transplanted at a distance of 30x30 cm randomly replicated each type of branch diameter into four (4) different plots. The re-growth’s foliage was harvested using a long knife at 60 days interval to maintain uniform height above the ground during the experimental period. The total fresh matter was harvested from each plot, weighed, and registered to estimate fresh matter yield. Fresh yield was considered as total foliage. The total fresh biomass yield from each plot was separated into two fractions: leaf and stem. Leaves and stems were weighed to determine fresh yield of leaves and stems and ratio of leaves and stem of total foliage at DM basis. The chemical composition in terms of fresh dry mater (DM) and crude protein (CP) was analyzed in the animal nutrition laboratory of BLRI. Samples of plant fractions (total foliage, leaves and stems) were chopped into short length (3 to 5 cm) and dried in air-forced oven at 100°C for 24 h for DM determination. Fresh yield was converted to DM yield plot^-1 ha^-1 according to the equation: DM yield plot^-1 = Weight of fresh material × DM (%). Ash determination was done at 550^oC for 8 hours. Total nitrogen (N) was determined by the semi-micro Kjeldahl procedure and CP calculated from N content (CP=Nx6.25) according to the official methods of AOAC. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were analyzed by the procedure proposed by Van Soest et al.. Three fistulae local growing bulls weighed in average 225 kg were used to determine DM degradability of moringa foliage. Animals were fed a basal diet of concentrate feed mixture at 2.25 kg/head/ day. Tested forages were oven dried; finally ground and two grams of each were weighed in triplets of moringa foliage for each incubation time. Nylon bags technique was applied to determine degradability of the moringa foliage according to Mehrez and Orskov using polyethylene bags (7x16 cm) with pore size 45 μ m. Moringa foliage samples were incubated in the rumen of the fistulae local growing bulls for 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 hrs. All bags were rinsed in tap water for 15 minutes until the water become clear, squeezed gently, oven dried and weighed to determine zero-time washing loss (a). Degradation kinetics of DM were estimated by fitting the disappearance values to the equation P= a+ b (1-e-^ct) as proposed by Orskov and McDonald where Prepresents the disappearance after time t. Least-squares estimated of soluble fractions are defined as the rapidly degradable fraction (A), slowly degradable fraction (B) and the rate of degradation (C). The effective degradability (ED) for tested moringa foliage was estimated from the equation of McDonald where: ED= a+bc/(c+k), k is the out flow rate. The experimental data on the rate of survival (%) and death (%), the number of prunes per cut, fresh yield and DM yield of different botanical fractions of moringa foliage, proximate analysis, fiber content and digestibility In-sacco were recorded. The data was analyzed in an ANOVA of completely randomized design (CRD) using SPSS-17.0 statistical software program.

Source of Information: International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 11(4): 1-11, 2016 Article no.IJPSS.26103 ISSN: 2320-7035

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Achievement/Findings:

From the results it may be concluded that cuttings with 10-12 cm branch diameters can be used for asexual propagation for Moringa as fodder production in Bangladesh. Evaluating the nutritional composition of moringa (Moringa oleifera) it could be a suitable source of protein for livestock feeding in the country. Therefore, further investigation is needed to develop cost effective agronomical practices for the propagation of Moringa as fodder crop.

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