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Heavy Metal Pollution and Chemical Profile of Khiru River, Bangladesh

Harunur Rashid
Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Yahia Mahmud
Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Mymensingh 2201, Bangladesh

Md. Shahidur Rahman
Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Zahid Parvez Sukhan
Laboratory of Marine Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

Rawshan Parveen
Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Mymensingh 2201, Bangladesh

Md. Nazmul Hasan
Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Mohosena Begum Tanu
Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Mymensingh 2201, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

This study was aimed to determine heavy metals in water, soil sediment and muscles of fish and to evaluate the chemical profile of the water of Khiru River located at Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Samples at fortnight interval were collected from three different locations of the Khiru River. Five fish species, viz., Puntius sophore, Glossogobius giuris, Mystus tengara, Macrognathus aculeatus and Channa punctatus together with water and soil samples, were analyzed for metal concentrations (Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd, Na, K and As) and for chemical profile of water. Heavy metals bio-accumulation in fish and chemical profile of water were studied for six months and heavy metals in water samples and soil sediments were studied for four months. The concentrations of metals in each sample were determined via Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb in the water were found within the permissible limit; however, the concentrations of Cd, K and Na were much higher than the permissible limit. Except for Cd, all other metals were found within the permissible limit in the soil sediment. In fish muscle, the highest average bioaccumulation of Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd, Na, K and As was found to be 3.65±1.04, 106.39±34.93, 27.52±11.27, 0.0016±0.002, 0.0043±0.01111, 3746±2871, 41.62±24.42 and 0.0008±0.0009 mg Kg^-1, respectively and within the permissible limit. The average values of dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, ammonia and nitrate were found to be 1.7±1.07, 269.58±82.08, 3.25±1.53, and 34.59±17.04 mgL^-1, respectively at S1, and 2.65±1.21, 245.83±84.50, 3.29±1.36 and 47.23±32.07 mgL^-1, respectively at S₂ whereas 2.54±1.43, 250.67±89.62, 3.20±1.50 and 29.38±19.08 mgL^-1, respectively at S₃. The pH values were found to be 8.41±0.64, 7.78±0.39 and 7.96±0.54 in S₁, S₂ and S₃, respectively. Among the different chemical parameters studied, significance difference (p<0.05) in three sampling points of Khiru River was only found in case of pH. In water, the average DO concentration was always found below the acceptable limit among all the points and ranged from 1.7±1.08 to 2.64±1.21 mgL^-1. The findings of the present study indicate that due to discharges from industries, the water and sediment of the River Khiru are getting polluted and water quality is deteriorated.

Keywords: Pollution, Heavy metal, Chemical profile, Khiru river.

Location: Khiru River, Bhaluka, Mymensingh

Start Date: 00-12-2008

End Date: 00-05-2009

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Heavy metal

Objectives:

To evaluate the suitability of the River Khiru as a fish habitat.
This study was aimed at determining water quality parameters and the level of different heavy metal toxicants in the river water and
Sediment soil and evaluating the bio-accumulation of heavy metals in fish muscle.

Methodology:

A. Study area: Khiru river of Bhaluka, Mymensingh was selected as the study site since this river is affected by industrial pollution during recent days. Three sampling points were selected depending on proximity to pollution source, - S₁: at the industrial discharge point; S₂: near the bazar (local market) where the municipal wastes are discharged; and S₃: at the area where industrial dumping is less. B. Sample collection: Fish, water and soil samples were sampled at 15-day intervals for 6 months from December, 2008 to May, 2009. Soil samples were collected from top 20 cm of soil in polythene bags and water samples were collected from 0.50 m below the water surface using 500 ml high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle, stored in ice box, transported to the laboratory and preserved in 4°C until subsequent analysis. The fish samples of five species (three individuals every month) such as Punti (Puntius sophore), Bele (Glossogobius giuris), Tengra (Mystus tengara), Tara baim (Macrognathus aculeatus) and Taki (Channa punctatus) were collected from the each sampling point by netting and were transported to the laboratory in ice box o n the same day of collection. C. Sample preparation: Water samples were filtered through membrane filter and analyzed. The fish and soil sediments were prepared following the standard protocol. Muscle samples of fishes were taken with a knife after removing the skin. The muscles were fragmented, homogenized and packed in a polyethylene wrap; stored at −20°C in order to be preserved for further analysis. Soil samples were also fragmented, homogenized and prepared in the same manner compliant with the acid digestion method. Both the fish and soil samples were digested with the mixture of nitric acid, perchloric acid and sulfuric acid (3:2:1) for 1 hr at 120°C. Digested samples were then filtered with Whitman 42 filter and raised the volume to 100 ml with distilled water. D. Sample Analysis: Water quality parameters, such as dissolve oxygen (DO), pH, alkalinity, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), and nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) were analysed using HACK kit on the same day of sampling. The concentration of toxic metals such as Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Mn, Na, K and As in fish, water and soil were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). E. Data analysis: All the data were revealed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), the level of significance thereby being set at 5% (probability limit of P<0.05). Data analysis was done using SPSS software.

Source of Information: International Journal of Environment, 2(1): 57–63, (2012)

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Chemical profiles of Khiru River water in the present study indicate that the water is beyond the acceptable limit for fish, i.e., Khiru River as a polluted river. Among all, DO was in most critical state, always recorded below the acceptable range among all the sampling points. DO, being the most important parameter of water for survival, distribution and growth of fish, indicates a state of unfavorable, unhealthy and polluted environment of Khiru River due to discharges from industrial and municipal sources.

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