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Applying Zn, Cu and Mo in to Riverine Alluvial Soils: Their Effects on the Quality of Rice and Its Antioxidant Activities.

Qurban Ali Panhwar
Research fellow
Universiti Putra Malaysia

Umme Aminun Naher
Principal Scientific Officer
Soil Science Division BRRI

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Insufficient micronutrients are a common phenomenon in Malaysian soils derived from riverine alluvium, which affect the growth and quality of rice. A study was conducted in such soil Kelantan, Malaysia to evaluate the effects of applying Zn, (5 kg ha^-1) Cu (4 kg ha^-1) and Mo (0.5 kg ha^-1) along with recommended macronutrients NPKS (120, 30,50, 20 kg ha^-1 respectively) on rice plant growth, grain yield, quality and its antioxidant activities. The micronutrients were applied into the soils at the time of transplanting. The results showed that any single micronutrient or in combination of three with macro nutrients had positive effects on the growth, chlorophyll contents, grain quality, and protein content of rice. Application of micronutrient increased 40 % phenolic compound and 71.54 % flavonoid in grain compared to control. Zn and Cu have positive effect on grain protein percentage. Phenolic compounds were higher in content compared to flavonoid in the grain. The application of micronutrients increased Zn, Mo, and Cu content in grain and straw. Comparatively higher values of antioxidant activities were found in the de-husked grain compared to those of the milled rice in micronutrient applied treatments The application of the micronutrients in the riverine alluvium soil had enhanced rice yield (18 %) via uptake of nutrients, attributed to increased physiological performance, leading to higher harvest index and grain quality.

Keywords: Amylose; Antioxidant activities; Flavonoid; Phenolic compound; Protein, Rice grain quality

Location:

Start Date: 01-01-2013

End Date: 30-05-2013

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Fertilizer

Objectives:

To ensure micronutrient enrichment in rice for better nourishment throughout the tropics, especially in Southeast Asia and China where rice is the staple food.

Methodology:

The field experiment was conducted in the Kelantan Plains, Malaysia to ensure micronutrient enrichment in rice for better nourishment throughout the tropics, especially in Southeast Asia and China where rice is the staple food. Twenty-day-old rice seedlings of variety MR219 were transplanted in the experimental plots, Zn, Cu and Mo either alone or in combinations were applied onto the experimental plots. The treatments were control (without micronutrient), Zn (5 kg ha^-1), Cu (4 kg ha^-1), and Mo (0.5 kg ha^-1), in the form of ZnSO₄, CuSO₄ and (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄4H₂O, respectively. The respective N, P, K & S fertilizers were applied in the forms of urea, triple super phosphate, muriate of potash (KCl) and Calcium sulfate at 120, 30, 60 and 20 kg ha^-1. Each plot size was 4 m × 4 m and the internal distance from plot to plot was one meter. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD), with 4 replications. Leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD value) was determined monthly, after 30 days of transplanting, using portable chlorophyll meter (MINOLTATM SPAD-502). About 200 g rice was de-husked with a miller (Motion Smith Co., Singapore). The de-husked rice was vacuum-packed in aluminum pouch and kept at room temperature for further use. Fifty gram of rice grains were ground to 200 µm particle size by Cyclotec 1093 Sample mill (Foss, Sweden). The powdered rice samples were also vacuum-packed in aluminum pouch and kept at 4ºC for the determination of amylose content and antioxidant compounds. The amylose content of rice samples was determined using FIAstar^TM method (FOSS, Sweden). Total antioxidant was extracted and five hundred milligram of sample was placed in a caped centrifuge tube; 20 ml of acidic methanol/water (50:50, v/v; pH 2) was added and shaken at room temperature for 1 hour. The tubes were centrifuged at 2500 g for 10 minutes and the supernatant was collected. Twenty milliliters of acetone/water (70:30, v/v) was added to the residue and the tube was shaken for 1 hour at room temperature. The tubes were centrifuged at 2500 g for 10 minutes and supernatant was collected in the same tube of methanol extract. The combined supernatants were concentrated under vacuum on a rotary evaporator (Rotavapor R-210, BUCHI, Switzerland) at 40ºC and stored at 4ºC for determination of total antioxidant. Total phenolic content in the extracts was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau phenol reagent following the method of Iqbal et al. (2005). All data were statistically analyzed for analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS software program version 9.3. The treatments means were compared by Tukeys test at 5% level of confidence.

Source of Information: South African J. Bot. 98: 77-83.

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

1.

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

In conclusion, we found that the single and combined application of Zn, Cu and Mo into the riverine alluvial soils in the Kelantan Plains, Malaysia, enhanced the growth of rice and improved grain quality. Zinc and Cu showed positive effect on grain protein content, moreover the increase in protein, antioxidant activities, phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the rice grains, were resulting from the application of the three micronutrients combined along with the recommended N P K fertilizer. Hence, there is a clear justification for the application of Zn, Cu and Mo in the riverine alluvial soils cropped to rice, not only in Malaysia, but also in the other parts of the globe to obtained higher grain quality and yield of rice.

Knowledge Management: Journal